Abstract
This literature review highlights advancements in wastewater management, emphasizing hybrid systems that integrate centralized and decentralized approaches. It underscores the cost-effectiveness and scalability of decentralized wastewater management (DWWM) for small urban and rural areas, despite higher land and capital needs. Optimization frameworks utilizing advanced computational tools, such as genetic algorithms and GIS, have proven effective in reducing costs and enhancing resource recovery, with decision-support frameworks tailored for rural planning. The integration of synergistic technologies like vertical farming and photovoltaic energy enhances the sustainability and resilience of decentralized systems in urban contexts. Additionally, innovative treatment methods, including nano-disinfection and advanced coagulation, align with cost-efficiency and environmental standards. The review emphasizes the role of intelligent systems and real-time monitoring in transforming wastewater into valuable resources, providing essential guidance for adaptive and sustainable solutions to address urbanization and environmental challenges
Recommended Citation
Kadry, Zeyad; Ebid, Ahmed M. Dr.; and Mahdi, Ibrahim
(2025)
"Centralized, decentralized and hybrid wastewater management approaches – Gap study,"
Future Engineering Journal: Vol. 5:
Iss.
2, Article 1.
Available at:
https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/fej/vol5/iss2/1